ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the gain of microsurgical skills and competencies by urology residents, using low-fidelity experimental models. Methods: The study involved the use of training boards, together with a low-fidelity microsurgery simulator, developed using a 3D printer. The model consists in two silicone tubes, coated with a resin, measuring 10 cm in length and with internal and external diameters of 0.5 and 1.5 mm. The support for the ducts is composed by a small box, developed with polylactic acid. The evaluation of the gain of skills and competencies in microsurgery occurred throughout a training course consisting of five training sessions. The first sessions (S1-S4) took place at weekly intervals and the last session (S5) was performed three months after S4. During sessions, were analyzed: the speed of performing microsurgical sutures in the pre and post-training and the performance of each resident through the Objective Structure Assessment of Technical Skill (OSATS) and Student Satisfaction Self-Confidence tools in Learning (SSSCL). Results: There was a decrease in the time needed to perform the anastomosis (p=0.0019), as well as a progressive increase in the score in the OSATS over during sessions S1 to S4. At S5, there was a slightly decrease in performance (p<0.0001), however, remaining within the expected plateau for the gain of skills and competences. The SSSCL satisfaction scale showed an overall approval rating of 96.9%, with a Cronback alpha coefficient of 83%. Conclusions: The low-fidelity simulation was able to guarantee urology residents a solid gain in skills and competencies in microsurgery.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare the hepatic protective effect of both remote and local postconditioning (POS). Methods: Twenty-eight Wistar rats were assigned into four groups: sham group(SHAM), ischemia-reperfusion group (IR), local ischemic POS group (lPOS) and remote ischemic POS group (rPOS). Animals were subjected to liver ischemia for 30 min. Local ischemic POS group consisted of four cycles of 5 min liver ischemia, followed by 5 min reperfusion (40 min). Remote ischemic POS group consisted of four cycles of 5 min hind limb ischemia, followed by 5 min hind limb perfusion after the main liver ischemia period. After 190 minutes median and left liver lobes were harvested for biochemical and histopathology analysis. Results: All the conditioning techniques were able to increase the level of bothglutathione reductase and peroxidase, showing higher values in the rPOS group when compared to the lPOS. Also, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were higher in all intervention groups when compared to SHAM, but rPOS had the lower rates of increase, showing the best result. The histopathology analysis showed that all groups had worst injury levels than SHAM, but rPOS had lower degrees of damage when compared to the lPOS, although it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Remote postconditioning is a promising technique to reduce liver ischemia-reperfusion injury, once it increased antioxidants substances and reduced the damage.

ABSTRACT Purpose To clarify the best protocol for performing remote ischemic conditioning and to minimize the consequences of ischemia and reperfusion syndrome in brain, the present study aimed to evaluate different time protocols and the relation of the organs and the antioxidant effects of this technique. Methods The rat’s left femoral artery was clamped with a microvascular clamp in times that ranged from 1 to 5 minutes, according to the corresponding group. After the cycles of remote ischemic conditioning and a reperfusion of 20 minutes, the brain and the left gastrocnemius were collected. The samples were used to measure glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase levels. Results In the gastrocnemius, the 4-minute protocol increased the catalase concentration compared to the 1-minute protocol, but the latter increased both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase compared to the former. On the other hand, the brain demonstrated higher catalase and glutathione peroxidase in 5-minute group, and the 3-minute group reached higher values of glutathione reductase. Conclusions Remote ischemic conditioning increases brain antioxidant capacity in a time-dependent way, while muscle presents higher protection on 1-minute cycles and tends to decrease its defence with longer cycles of intermittent occlusions of the femoral artery.

Resumo: O enfoque deste estudo está relacionado ao cuidado ao paciente politraumatizado na unidade de Emergência. Trata-se de uma abordagem qualitativa, na qual foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 12 enfermeiros para a obtenção dos dados. Os principais achados versaram sobre a humanização do atendimento pelos enfermeiros, prioridades e os desafios do cuidado ao paciente politraumatizado.

Abstract: This study's approach is related to the polytraumatized patient care in the Emergency unit. It's a qualitative approach, in which semistructured interviews were used with 12 nurses to obtain data. Mainly findings versed about assistance's humanization by nurses, priorities and challenges of care to the polytraumatized patient.

Resumén: El enfoque de este estudio está relacionado al cuidado al paciente politraumatizado en la unidad de Emergencia. Se trata de un enfoque cualitativo, en el que se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 12 enfermeros para la obtención de los datos. Los principales resultados versaron sobre la humanización de la atención por los enfermeros, prioridades y desafíos del cuidado al paciente politraumatizado.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of splenic ischemic preconditioning (sIPC) on oxidative stress induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were equally divided into 3 groups: SHAM, IRI and sIPC. Animals from IRI group were subjected to 45 minutes of partial liver ischemia (70%). In the sIPC group, splenic artery was clamped in 2 cycles of 5 min of ischemia and 5 min of reperfusion (20 min total) prior to hepatic ischemia. SHAM group underwent the same surgical procedures as in the remaining groups, but no liver ischemia or sIPC were induced. After 1h, hepatic and splenic tissue samples were harvested for TBARS, CAT, GPx and GSH-Rd measurement. Results: sIPC treatment significantly decreased both hepatic and splenic levels of TBARS when compared to IRI group (p<0.01). Furthermore, the hepatic and splenic activities of CAT, GPx and GSH- Rd were significantly higher in sIPC group than in IRI group. Conclusion: sIPC was able to attenuate hepatic and splenic IRI-induced oxidative stress.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the influence tramadol on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats. Methods: Ten rats were divided into two groups (n = 5). All animals were submitted by a laminectomy and spinal cord injury at eighth thoracic vertebra. In control group, the rats didn’t receive any analgesic. In tramadol group, the rats received tramadol 4mg/Kg at 12/12h until 5 days by subcutaneous. Animals were following by fourteen days. Was evaluated the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scale (locomotor evaluation) and Rat Grimace Scale (pain evaluation) at four periods. Results: There no difference between the groups in locomotor evaluation in all periods evaluated (p>0.05) and in both groups there was a partial recover of function. The tramadol group show a lower pain levels at the first, third and seventh postoperatively days when comparing to the control group. Conclusion: The tramadol as an analgesic agent don’t influence on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats

Estudo descritivo que objetivou conhecer as práticas de atenção ao parto desenvolvidas pelos profissionais de saúde no cuidado à parturiente adolescente. Os dados foram extraídos da pesquisa "Atenção humanizada ao parto de adolescentes", referente ao Município de Pelotas-RS, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, no período de 2008 a 2009. A população constituiu-se de profissionais de saúde do centro obstétrico de um hospital de ensino público. A análise foi sistematizada a partir do Manual Assistência ao Parto Normal, da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Os resultados evidenciaram que práticas úteis, como a intimidade e a privacidade, escolha do tipo de parto e o estímulo à amamentação, não são respeitadas. Como práticas prejudiciais salientaram-se a posição de litotomia e o uso da ocitocina. Destacaram-se como práticas inadequadas a restrição alimentar e a utilização da amniotomia. Concluiu-se que as práticas de atenção ao parto contemplaram parcialmente a Política de Humanização do Parto e Nascimento.

This descriptive study aimed to identify the childbirth care practices developed by health professionals towards adolescent parturients. Data were collected from the database of the study "Humanizing childbirth care in adolescents", developed in the city of Pelotas-RS, by means of semi-structured interviews, between 2008 and 2009. The study population consisted of health workers from the obstetric center of a public teaching hospital. The analysis was systematized as per the guide Care in Normal Birth, published by the World Health Organization. Results evidenced that useful practices, such as intimacy and privacy, choice of the type of childbirth and breastfeeding encouragement are not respected. The harmful practices that stood out were the use of the lithotomy position and oxytocin. Examples of practices that are frequently developed inappropriately are food restriction and the use of amniotomy. In conclusion, childbirth care practices partially complied with the Humanizing Labor and Childbirth Policy.

Este estudio descriptivo objetivó conocer las prácticas de atención al parto desarrolladas por los profesionales de salud en el cuidado de la mujer adolescente. Los datos fueron extraídos del banco de datos de la investigación "Atención humanizada al Parto de Adolescentes" referente al Municipio de Pelotas-RS, por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas en el período de noviembre de 2008 a octubre de 2009. La población meta se constituyó de los profesionales de salud actuantes en el Centro Obstétrico de un hospital de enseñanza pública El análisis fue sistematizado a partir del Manual Asistencia al Parto Normal, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, referente a las prácticas de atención al parto consideradas útiles, aquellas claramente perjudiciales y las frecuentemente utilizadas de forma inadecuada. Los resultados evidenciaron que prácticas útiles, como la intimidad y la privacidad, opción por el tipo de parto y el estímulo para amamantar, no son respetadas; como prácticas perjudiciales, se destacaron la posición de litotomía y el uso de la ocitocina. Cuanto a las prácticas inadecuadas, se destacaron la restricción alimentar y la utilización de la amniotomía. Se concluyó que las prácticas de atención al parto contempla parcialmente la Política de Humanización del Parto y Nacimiento.

This descriptive study aimed to identify the childbirth care practices developed by health professionals towards adolescent parturients. Data were collected from the database of the study "Humanizing childbirth care in adolescents", developed in the city of Pelotas-RS, by means of semi-structured interviews, between 2008 and 2009. The study population consisted of health workers from the obstetric center of a public teaching hospital. The analysis was systematized as per the guide Care in Normal Birth, published by the World Health Organization. Results evidenced that useful practices, such as intimacy and privacy, choice of the type of childbirth and breastfeeding encouragement are not respected. The harmful practices that stood out were the use of the lithotomy position and oxytocin. Examples of practices that are frequently developed inappropriately are food restriction and the use of amniotomy. In conclusion, childbirth care practices partially complied with the Humanizing Labor and Childbirth Policy.

Este estudio descriptivo objetivó conocer las prácticas de atención al parto desarrolladas por los profesionales de salud en el cuidado de la mujer adolescente. Los datos fueron extraídos del banco de datos de la investigación "Atención humanizada al Parto de Adolescentes" referente al Municipio de Pelotas-RS, por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas en el período de noviembre de 2008 a octubre de 2009. La población meta se constituyó de los profesionales de salud actuantes en el Centro Obstétrico de un hospital de enseñanza pública El análisis fue sistematizado a partir del Manual Asistencia al Parto Normal, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, referente a las prácticas de atención al parto consideradas útiles, aquellas claramente perjudiciales y las frecuentemente utilizadas de forma inadecuada. Los resultados evidenciaron que prácticas útiles, como la intimidad y la privacidad, opción por el tipo de parto y el estímulo para amamantar, no son respetadas; como prácticas perjudiciales, se destacaron la posición de litotomía y el uso de la ocitocina. Cuanto a las prácticas inadecuadas, se destacaron la restricción alimentar y la utilización de la amniotomía. Se concluyó que las prácticas de atención al parto contempla parcialmente la Política de Humanización del Parto y Nacimiento.

Estudo descritivo que objetivou conhecer as práticas de atenção ao parto desenvolvidas pelos profissionais de saúde no cuidado à parturiente adolescente. Os dados foram extraídos da pesquisa "Atenção humanizada ao parto de adolescentes", referente ao Município de Pelotas-RS, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, no período de 2008 a 2009. A população constituiu-se de profissionais de saúde do centro obstétrico de um hospital de ensino público. A análise foi sistematizada a partir do Manual Assistência ao Parto Normal, da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Os resultados evidenciaram que práticas úteis, como a intimidade e a privacidade, escolha do tipo de parto e o estímulo à amamentação, não são respeitadas. Como práticas prejudiciais salientaram-se a posição de litotomia e o uso da ocitocina. Destacaram-se como práticas inadequadas a restrição alimentar e a utilização da amniotomia. Concluiu-se que as práticas de atenção ao parto contemplaram parcialmente a Política de Humanização do Parto e Nascimento.

Objetivou-se compreender como os serviços de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde estão organizados para contemplar a integralidade na atenção à mulher com câncer de colo uterino. Pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva, com 20 mulheres. Utilizou-se na coleta dos dados a entrevista semiestruturada conjugada à observação participante. A análise temática evidenciou o tema "A procura pela assistência: o acesso ao Sistema Único de Saúde e a utilização dos serviços na busca de atenção integral". Identificou-se que, na utilização dos serviços de saúde, as mulheres expuseram concepções sobre a atenção recebida, as potencialidades e limites da integralidade nesse contexto. Conclui-se que a efetivação das ações de saúde, em busca da integralidade da atenção às mulheres, requer ousadia e a promoção do diálogo entre os atores sociais, como forma de construir uma consciência sanitária que permita o compromisso ético em direção às mudanças necessárias ao cuidado.

This study aims to understand how the health services of the Brazilian Public Health System (BPHS) are organized to give an integral care to the woman with cervical cancer. This is a descriptive, qualitative research with 20 women. Semistructured interviews were coupled with participant observation in data collection. The thematic analysis revealed the theme: "The search for care: access to BPHS and use of health services in the search for integral care". In the use of health services, women have exposed their views on the received care, and on the potentialities and limits of integrality in this context. The conclusion is that the effectivation of health actions that aim at the integrality of care for women requires courage and the promotion of a dialogue between social actors as a way to build a health awareness that allows an ethical commitment pointing towards the necessary changes in care.

Se objetivó comprender cómo los servicios del Sistema Nacional de Salud están organizados para hacer frente a la integralidad de la atención a la mujer con cáncer de cuello uterino. Investigación cualitativa, descriptiva con veinte mujeres. Fue utilizado en la recolección de datos, la observación participante y la entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis temático reveló: La búsqueda de la atención: el acceso a SUS y el uso de los servicios de salud en la búsqueda de atención integral. Se identificó que las mujeres han puesto de manifiesto las concepciones acerca de la atención recibida, las potencialidades y los límites de la integralidad en este contexto. Se concluye que la eficacia de las acciones de salud en esta búsqueda requiere coraje y la promoción del diálogo entre los actores sociales, como una manera de construir una conciencia de salud que permita el compromiso ético hacia los cambios necesarios para el cuidado.

This study aims to understand how the health services of the Brazilian Public Health System (BPHS) are organized to give an integral care to the woman with cervical cancer. This is a descriptive, qualitative research with 20 women. Semistructured interviews were coupled with participant observation in data collection. The thematic analysis revealed the theme: "The search for care: access to BPHS and use of health services in the search for integral care". In the use of health services, women have exposed their views on the received care, and on the potentialities and limits of integrality in this context. The conclusion is that the effectivation of health actions that aim at the integrality of care for women requires courage and the promotion of a dialogue between social actors as a way to build a health awareness that allows an ethical commitment pointing towards the necessary changes in care.

Se objetivó comprender cómo los servicios del Sistema Nacional de Salud están organizados para hacer frente a la integralidad de la atención a la mujer con cáncer de cuello uterino. Investigación cualitativa, descriptiva con veinte mujeres. Fue utilizado en la recolección de datos, la observación participante y la entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis temático reveló: La búsqueda de la atención: el acceso a SUS y el uso de los servicios de salud en la búsqueda de atención integral. Se identificó que las mujeres han puesto de manifiesto las concepciones acerca de la atención recibida, las potencialidades y los límites de la integralidad en este contexto. Se concluye que la eficacia de las acciones de salud en esta búsqueda requiere coraje y la promoción del diálogo entre los actores sociales, como una manera de construir una conciencia de salud que permita el compromiso ético hacia los cambios necesarios para el cuidado.

Objetivou-se compreender como os serviços de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde estão organizados para contemplar a integralidade na atenção à mulher com câncer de colo uterino. Pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva, com 20 mulheres. Utilizou-se na coleta dos dados a entrevista semiestruturada conjugada à observação participante. A análise temática evidenciou o tema "A procura pela assistência: o acesso ao Sistema Único de Saúde e a utilização dos serviços na busca de atenção integral". Identificou-se que, na utilização dos serviços de saúde, as mulheres expuseram concepções sobre a atenção recebida, as potencialidades e limites da integralidade nesse contexto. Conclui-se que a efetivação das ações de saúde, em busca da integralidade da atenção às mulheres, requer ousadia e a promoção do diálogo entre os atores sociais, como forma de construir uma consciência sanitária que permita o compromisso ético em direção às mudanças necessárias ao cuidado.